Ethical issues for e-cigarette control policies in Australia

Although tobacco smoking in Australia is at a historical low, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, especially among the youth is increasing. Policies around e-cigarette control in Australia are currently evolving, even during the pandemic, thus demonstrating its priority status. The current article discusses ethical issues for e-cigarette control policies in Australia using a public health ethics framework. The article is structured using the domains of the WHO-MPOWER framework of tobacco control to enable a comprehensive coverage of all elements of e-cigarette control policies in Australia. It highlights several ethical issues, from different stakeholder perspectives, and indicates moral and ethical tensions in different public health actions that might be considered in framing policies around e-cigarette control. Keywords: Electronic nicotine delivery systems, e-cigarettes, Australia,, smoke-free policy, public health ethics

Indicadores hospitalares e comportamento de pacientes internados em hospital psiquiátrico adepto à proibição do fumo / Hospital indicators and inpatient behavior in a psychiatric hospital that implemented the smoking ban / Indicadores hospitalarios y comportamiento de pacientes internados en hospital psiquiátrico que adoptó la prohibición de fumar

Resumo Objetivo: comparar indicadores de internação e de alta, custo com medicamentos e comportamentos dos pacientes antes e após a proibição do tabagismo em um hospital psiquiátrico. Método: estudo ecológico, longitudinal e retrospectivo realizado em um hospital psiquiátrico. Foram obtidos dados secundários por meio de consulta aos prontuários, referentes a 2142 internações. Aplicado teste de medianas para comparação das variáveis antes e após a proibição. Resultados: com a implementação da proibição, o percentual de ocupação dos leitos foi reduzido nas unidades masculinas de transtornos mentais (de 88,8% para 48,4%) e de dependência química (94,4% para 42,8%). A média de dias de internação foi reduzida na unidade masculina de dependência química (13,5 para 12,6) em comparação à unidade feminina (14,7 para 19,5). Os custos com psicofármacos e expectorantes, as agressões verbais/físicas e as contenções físicas/químicas foram reduzidos. Conclusão: a proibição do fumo alterou indicadores hospitalares, reduziu custos e melhorou o comportamento dos pacientes, contrariando o mito de que ela resulta em hostilidade. Espera-se que este estudo contribua para que os enfermeiros revejam suas crenças relacionadas à proibição do tabagismo com resultados positivos para as relações interpessoais e para a gestão dos serviços de saúde mental.

Abstract Objective: to compare hospitalization and discharge indicators, medication costs and patient behavior before and after the implementation of the smoking ban in a psychiatric hospital. Method: ecological, longitudinal and retrospective study carried out in a psychiatric hospital. Secondary data referring to 2142 hospitalizations were collected from medical records. The median test was used to compare the variables before and after the ban. Results: after the implementation of the ban, there was a reduction in bed occupancy rate in male units for mental disorders (from 88.8% to 48.4%) and substance dependence (from 94.4% to 42.8%). There was a reduction in the mean length of hospital stay in the male chemical dependency unit (from 13.5 to 12.6) compared to the female unit (from 14.7 to 19.5). There was a reduction in costs of psychotropic drugs and expectorants, episodes of verbal/physical aggressions and physical/chemical restraints. Conclusion: the smoking ban changed hospital indicators, reduced costs and improved patient behavior, contradicting the myth that it results in hostility. It is hoped that this study will help nurses to review their beliefs related to smoking cessation, as there were positive results for interpersonal relationships and for the management of mental health services.

Resumen Objetivo: comparar indicadores de internación, alta, costo con medicamentos y comportamientos de los pacientes antes y después de la prohibición del tabaquismo en un hospital psiquiátrico. Método: estudio ecológico, longitudinal y retrospectivo realizado en un hospital psiquiátrico. Fueron obtenidos datos secundarios, a partir de consulta a las fichas médicas, referentes a 2.142 internaciones. Fue aplicado el test de medianas para comparación de las variables antes y después de la prohibición. Resultados: con la implementación de la prohibición el porcentaje de ocupación de las camas fue reducido en las unidades masculinas de trastornos mentales (88,8% para 48,4%) y de dependencia química (94,4% para 42,8%). La media de días de internación fue reducida en la unidad masculina de dependencia química (13,5 para 12,6) en comparación con la unidad femenina (14,7 para 19,5). Los costos con psicofármacos y expectorantes, las agresiones verbales/físicas y las contenciones físicas/químicas fueron reducidas. Conclusión: la prohibición de fumar alteró los indicadores hospitalarios, redujo costos y mejoró el comportamiento de los pacientes, contrariando el mito de que esta resulta en hostilidad. Se espera que este estudio contribuya para que los enfermeros revisen sus creencias relacionadas con la prohibición del tabaquismo, considerando los resultados positivos para las relaciones interpersonales y para la administración de los servicios de salud mental, que fueron obtenidos.

"Tobacco denormalization at home": the contribution of the smoking ban in enclosed workplaces in Brazil / "Desnormalização do uso de tabaco em casa": a contribuição da proibição de fumar em ambientes fechados de trabalho no Brasil / "Desnormalización del tabaco en casa": contribución de la prohibición de fumar en lugares de trabajo cerrados en Brasil

Estimates suggest that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is related to 1.2 million deaths per year worldwide. Synergy between various anti-smoking legislative and educational measures is essential to stimulate cessation and prevent initiation. This article aimed to explore how legislative protection from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in enclosed workplaces in Brazil, whose strengthening occurred in a phased manner between 1996 and 2014, possibly contributed to the protection from passive smoking at home. We evaluated, via generalized linear models, the absolute and relative differences in the proportion of individuals living in smoke-free homes between those exposed and not exposed to passive smoking in enclosed workplaces, both crude and adjusted by sociodemographic and smoking behavior variables, and stratified by non-smokers and smokers. Data from three national surveys conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019 were used. Regardless of smoking status and year when the data were analyzed, individuals who were employed in smoke-free workplaces were more likely to live in smoke-free homes than smokers who were employed in workplaces that allowed smoking. Adjusted absolute difference increased from +5.5% in 2008 to +10.5% in 2013 among non-smokers, and from +7.1% in 2013 to 15.6% in 2019 among smokers (p-values for additive interaction ≤ 0.05). Strengthening the Brazilian smoke-free legislation was likely associated with a reduction in passive smoking at home, which, therefore, may also reduce the burden of mortality, morbidity, and costs for society related to smoking.

Estima-se que a exposição à fumaça ambiental de tabaco esteja relacionada a 1,2 milhão de mortes por ano no mundo. A sinergia das diversas medidas antitabaco, tanto legislativas quanto educativas, é essencial para estimular a cessação e prevenir a iniciação do tabagismo. O artigo tem como objetivo explorar a possível contribuição da proteção legislativa contra a exposição à fumaça ambiental de tabaco nos locais fechados de trabalho no Brasil, cujo fortalecimento ocorreu por fases entre 1996 e 2014, para a proteção contra o tabagismo passivo em casa. Foram utilizados modelos lineares generalizados para avaliar as diferenças absolutas e relativas na proporção de brasileiros que vivem em domicílios sem fumaça ambiental de tabaco, entre aqueles expostos e não expostos ao tabagismo passivo em locais de trabalho fechados, brutas e ajustadas por variáveis sociodemográficas e de comportamento de tabagismo, estratificadas entre fumantes e não fumantes. Foram usados os dados de três inquéritos nacionais, realizados em 2008, 2013 e 2019. Independentemente de condição de tabagista e do ano de análise, os indivíduos empregados em locais de trabalho livres de tabaco apresentaram maior probabilidade de residir em domicílios livres de tabaco, comparado com aqueles que trabalhavam em locais onde fumar era permitido. A diferença absoluta ajustada aumentou de +5,5% em 2008 para +10,5% em 2013 entre não fumantes, e de +7,1% em 2013 para +15,6% em 2019 entre fumantes (valores de p de interação aditiva ≤ 0,05). É provável que o fortalecimento da legislação antitabaco no Brasil esteve associado a uma redução no tabagismo passivo em casa, o que, portanto, pode reduzir a carga de morbimortalidade e de custos para a sociedade, relacionados ao tabagismo.

Se estimó que la exposición al humo del tabaco ambiental está relacionada con 1,2 millones de muertes por año en todo el mundo. La sinergia de varias medidas antitabaco legislativas y educacionales es esencial para estimular dejar de fumar y prevenir comenzar a fumar. La propuesta de este artículo fue explorar la posible contribución de la protección legislativa ante la exposición al humo del tabaco ambiental en lugares de trabajo cerrados en Brasil, cuyo afianzamiento se produjo de manera gradual entre 1996 y 2014, para la protección de los fumadores pasivos en casa. Se utilizaran modelos lineales generalizados para evaluar las diferencias absolutas y relativas en la proporción de individuos que viven en hogares libres de humos, entre quienes estaban expuestos y no expuestos como fumadores pasivos en lugares de trabajo cerrados, crudas y ajustadas por variables sociodemográficas y comportamiento de fumador, y estratificadas por no fumadores y fumadores. Se usaron los datos de las tres encuestas nacionales llevadas a cabo en 2008, 2013 y 2019. Independientemente del estatus del consumo de tabaco y el año de análisis, los individuos que fueron empleados en un lugar de trabajo libre de humos tenían más probabilidades de vivir en un hogar libre de humos en comparación con los fumadores que trabajaban en donde se fumaba. La diferencia ajustada absoluta aumentó del +5,5% en 2008 al +10,5% en 2013 entre no fumadores, y del +7,1% en 2013 al +15,6% en 2019 entre fumadores (valores de p de interacción aditiva ≤ 0,05). El fortalecimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Brasil estuvo presumiblemente asociado con una reducción con los fumadores pasivos en el hogar, y, por consiguiente, podría también reducir la carga de mortalidad, morbilidad y costes para la sociedad en relación con el tabaquismo.

Evaluation of the effect of a tobacco control intervention for college students under the advocate-promoting model in Zhejiang Province, China / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the effect of a tobacco control intervention for college students under the advocate-promoting model, and to provide evidence for methods to improve smoking control and health decisions.@*Methods@#Four colleges were selected from the list of colleges that participated in a survey of college student tobacco use in Zhejiang Province in 2015, and we conducted a tobacco control intervention with them under the advocate-promoting model for two years. A total of 1 007 students were selected using a random sampling method and surveyed before intervention, and 991 students were selected using a random sampling method and surveyed after the intervention. A chi-square test was used to compare the differences between tobacco use, second-hand smoke exposure, and tobacco knowledge among students before and after the intervention.@*Results@#After the tobacco control intervention, the attempted smoking rate among students in the four colleges dropped from 34.36% to 22.30%, the current smoking rate dropped from 12.12% to 7.87%, the second-hand smoke exposure rate decreased from 75.47% to 70.53%, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=37.73, 9.99, 6.18, P<0.05). After intervention, the proportion of students who had seen tobacco advertisements in the past 30 days decreased from 60.38% to 54.4%, the proportion of students who "saw smoking scenes in video media" decreased from 25.02% to 19.58%, and the proportion of students who "learned smoking control knowledge in class" increased from 14.20% to 18.16%, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=7.08, 8.55, 5.79, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The advocate-promoting model of "advocacy alliance" can help colleges to establish a smoke-free campus environment and improve college students’ tobacco knowledge and reduce their attempted and current smoking rates.

A Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização mundial da Saúde na agenda política brasileira, 2003-2005 / El Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco en la Organización Mundial de la Salud em la agenda política brasileña, 2003-2005 / The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the Brazilian political agenda, 2003-2005

Resumo: Este estudo analisa a criação de uma agenda política de controle do tabaco no Brasil a partir da participação do país na Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (CQCT-OMS). Tal processo se estendeu entre as negociações diplomáticas para a participação do Brasil nesse Tratado, em 2003, e a sua ratificação pelo Congresso Nacional, em 2005, e foi marcado por longas controvérsias que colocaram frente a frente atores da saúde pública, que são os responsáveis pelas atividades de controle do tabaco, o alto escalão da diplomacia brasileira, os emissários da indústria tabaqueira, os representantes dos pequenos plantadores de fumo da Região Sul do país, deputados, senadores e ministros. O estudo toma como base as contribuições de John W. Kingdon sobre o processo de configuração de agenda no âmbito da formulação de políticas públicas. Sua construção baseou-se em bibliografia secundária, fontes legislativas e institucionais no período de 1995 a 2005. Conclui-se que a convergência da capacidade técnica da burocracia da saúde e suas ações para o controle do tabaco, o envolvimento do alto escalão do Ministério das Relações Exteriores (fluxo de políticas), a iniciativa de criação do CQCT_oms (fluxo de problemas) e a existência de um ambiente favorável, tanto no Executivo quanto no Legislativo (fluxo político), possibilitaram a abertura de uma janela de oportunidade para a ratificação da CQCT-OMS e sua ascensão à agenda de decisão governamental.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la creación de una agenda política de control al tabaco en Brasil, a partir de la participación del país en el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organizaciòn Mundial de la Salud (CQCT-OMS por sus siglas en portugués). Tal proceso se extendió entre las negociaciones diplomáticas para la participación de Brasil en ese tratado, en 2003, y su ratificación por el Congreso Nacional, en 2005, que estuvo marcado por largas controversias que pusieron frente a frente a actores de la salud pública, quienes son responsables de las actividades de control al tabaco; el alto escalón de la diplomacia brasileña, los emisarios de la industria tabaquera, los representantes de los pequeños agricultores del tabaco de la región sur del país, diputados, senadores y ministros. El estudio toma como base las contribuciones de John W. Kingdon sobre el proceso de configuración de agenda en el ámbito de la formulación de políticas públicas. Su construcción se basó en bibliografía secundaria, fuentes legislativas e institucionales durante el período de 1995 a 2005. Se concluyó que la convergencia de la capacidad técnica de la burocracia de la salud y sus acciones para el control el tabaco, la participación del alto escalafón del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores (flujo de políticas), la iniciativa de creación del CQCT-OMS (flujo de problemas) y la existencia de un ambiente favorable, tanto en el Ejecutivo como en el Legislativo (flujo político), posibilitaron la apertura de una ventana de oportunidad para la ratificación del CQCT-OMS y su ascensión a la agenda de decisión gubernamental.

Abstract: This study analyses the development of a tobacco-control agenda in Brazil following the country's participation in the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC). This process started with the diplomatic negotiations for the participation of Brazil in the treaty, in 2003, and its ratification by the National Congress, in 2005, and was marked by substantial controversies between public health players, who are accountable for tobacco-control actions, and the high echelon of Brazilian diplomacy, emissaries of the tobacco industry, representatives of small tobacco farmers from the Southern region of the country, congress representatives, senators and ministers. The study is based on the contributions of John W. Kingdon on the development of an agenda for the formulation of public policies. It took into account secondary references, legislative and institutional sources from the 1995 to 2005 period. It concluded that the association of tobacco-related healthcare actions by technically skilled officials, the involvement of the high echelon of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (policy flow), the initiative for the establishment of the WHO-FCTC (problem flow), and the existence of a favorable environment in both, executive and legislative (political flow), opened a window of opportunity for WHO-FCTC ratification and its inclusion in the government decision agenda.

Assessing Health Impacts of Pictorial Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs in Korea Using DYNAMO-HIA / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to predict the 10-year impacts of the introduction of pictorial warning labels (PWLs) on cigarette packaging in 2016 in Korea for adults using DYNAMO-HIA. METHODS: In total, four scenarios were constructed to better understand the potential health impacts of PWLs: two for PWLs and the other two for a hypothetical cigarette tax increase. In both policies, an optimistic and a conservative scenario were constructed. The reference scenario assumed the 2015 smoking rate would remain the same. Demographic data and epidemiological data were obtained from various sources. Differences in the predicted smoking prevalence and prevalence, incidence, and mortality from diseases were compared between the reference scenario and the four policy scenarios. RESULTS: It was predicted that the optimistic PWLs scenario (PWO) would lower the smoking rate by 4.79% in males and 0.66% in females compared to the reference scenario in 2017. However, the impact on the reduction of the smoking rate was expected to diminish over time. PWO will prevent 85 238 cases of diabetes, 67 948 of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 31 526 of ischemic heart disease, 21 036 of lung cancer, and 3972 prevalent cases of oral cancer in total over the 10-year span due to the reductions in smoking prevalence. The impacts of PWO are expected to be between the impact of the optimistic and the conservative cigarette tax increase scenarios. The results were sensitive to the transition probability of smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of PWLs in 2016 in Korea is expected reduce smoking prevalence and disease cases for the next 10 years, but regular replacements of PWLs are needed for persistent impacts.

Scientific Evidence Supporting Policy Change: A Study on Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Non-smoking Areas of PC Rooms in Korea / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to measure secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in personal computer (PC) rooms with the purpose of determining the strength of scientific evidence supporting the legislative ban on smoking in PC rooms located in the Republic of Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June to September 2012, particulate matter (PM2.5) and air nicotine concentration (ANC) were measured in the smoking and non-smoking areas of PC rooms in Goyang City, Korea. In 28 randomly sampled PC rooms, field investigators completed an observational questionnaire on building characteristics, smoking policies, and evidence of smoking. The geometric means (GM) of PM2.5 and ANC in smoking and non-smoking areas were compared. RESULTS: Evidence of smoking was identified in both the smoking and non-smoking areas of all PC rooms. The GMs of PM2.5 and ANC in both areas were high and did not differ significantly (174.77 μg/m3 and 48.95 μg/m3 in smoking areas; 93.38 μg/m3 and 41.30 μg/m3 in non-smoking areas). Overall PM2.5 concentrations were 5.5-fold higher than those listed in the World Health Organization guidelines. CONCLUSION: This study supported previous reports that a partial smoking ban did not protect individuals from SHS exposure. Furthermore, the results from our study suggest how research can support policy. Countries in which smoke-free policies are not yet comprehensive may find our results useful.

Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco: adesão e implantação na América Latina / WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: adherence and establishment in Latin America

OBJETIVO:Traçar o panorama de adesão mundial à Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco (CQCT) e descrever a implantação das medidas preconizadas pela CQCT em países latino-americanos. MÉTODOS: Este estudo descritivo baseou-se em análise de dados secundários para determinar o status de adesão, no ano de 2015, dos países das seis regiões definidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) à CQCT. Depois disso, realizou-se um mapeamento da implantação, até o ano de 2012, das medidas preconizadas pela CQCT no total de Estados Partes e particularmente em 12 Estados Partes latino-americanos. Finalmente, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, México e Venezuela foram avaliados quanto ao grau de implantação da CQCT (incipiente, intermediária e avançada). Foram consideradas neste passo medidas englobadas por quatro eixos - redução da demanda por tabaco, redução da oferta de tabaco, redução dos danos ao ambiente e à saúde das pessoas causados pelo tabaco e apoio ao abandono do tabaco. RESULTADOS: Até agosto de 2015, 180 países haviam ingressado no rol de Estados Partes da CQCT. Considerando os 126 países que enviaram relatórios de progresso global da implantação no ciclo de 2012, as medidas mais prevalentes adotadas referiam-se à proteção contra a exposição à fumaça do tabaco (83,0% para o total de países e 100% para o conjunto de países latinoamericanos). Entre os cinco países selecionados para análise detalhada, as medidas destinadas à redução da demanda e da oferta do tabaco foram as mais frequentes. As medidas relacionadas à redução de danos ao ambiente foram raras. Brasil e México apresentaram a situação mais avançada de implantação entre os países estudados. CONCLUSÕES: A América Latina apresentou uma alta proporção de Estados Partes que implantaram as medidas preconizadas pela CQCT. A heterogeneidade da situação de implantação nos cinco países selecionados sugere que as políticas de controle de tabaco são condicionadas por particularidades nacionais.

OBJECTIVE: To draw an overview of the adherence of countries around the world to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and to describe the establishment of WHO FCTC recommended measures in Latin American countries. METHODS: This descriptive study was based on analysis of documents and secondary data to determine the status of countries from the six WHO regions regarding adherence to the FCTC. After that, the establishment of recommended measures until the year 2012 was mapped in all States Parties and particularly in 12 Latin American States Parties. Finally, the degree to which FCTC measures had been established in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela was assessed (incipient, intermediate, or advanced). This step took into consideration the measures covered by four domains - reduction in the demand for tobacco, reduction in the offer of tobacco, reduction in damage to the environment and to the health of people caused by tobacco, and support for quitting the use of tobacco. RESULTS: Until August 2015, 180 countries had joined as States Parties to the FCTC. Considering the 126 countries that submitted global progress reports in the 2012 cycle, the most prevalent measures adopted referred to the protection against exposure to tobacco smoke (83.0% for all countries and 100% for the group of Latin American countries). Among the five countries selected for detailed analysis, the measures referring to the reduction of demand and offer of tobacco were the most frequent. Measures focused on reducing environmental damage were rare. Brazil and Mexico had the most advanced FCTC status among the studied countries. CONCLUSIONS: Latin America presented a high proportion of States Parties with established FCTC recommended measures. The heterogeneity of the FCTC status in the five selected countries suggests that the implementation of tobacco control policies depends on specific aspects of each country.

The Status and Future Challenges of Tobacco Control Policy in Korea / 예방의학회지

Tobacco use is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death. The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international public health treaty, came into force in 2005. This paper reviews the present status of tobacco control policies in Korea according to the WHO FCTC recommendations. In Korea, cigarette use is high among adult males (48.2% in 2010), and cigarette prices are the lowest among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries with no tax increases since 2004. Smoke-free policies have shown incremental progress since 1995, but smoking is still permitted in many indoor public places. More than 30% of non-smoking adults and adolescents are exposed to second-hand smoke. Public education on the harmful effects of tobacco is currently insufficient and the current policies have not been adequately evaluated. There is no comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, or sponsorship in Korea. Cigarette packages have text health warnings on only 30% of the main packaging area, and misleading terms such as "mild" and "light" are permitted. There are nationwide smoking cessation clinics and a Quitline service, but cessation services are not covered by public insurance schemes and there are no national treatment guidelines. The sale of tobacco to minors is prohibited by law, but is poorly enforced. The socioeconomic inequality of smoking prevalence has widened, although the government considers inequality reduction to be a national goal. The tobacco control policies in Korea have faltered recently and priority should be given to the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies.

Support for Smoke Free Policies among Smokers and Non-smokers in Six Cities in China / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To examine the current situation of smoke-free policies and the support for comprehensive smoke free policies in Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Changsha, Guangzhou, and Yinchuan. Methods Data from Wave 1 of the ITC China Survey (April 2006-August 2008) were analyzed. The ITC China Survey employed a multistage sampling design across 6 cities: Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Changsha, Guangzhou, and Yinchuan. Face to face interviews were conducted with a total of 4 815 smokers and 1 270 non-smokers across the 6 cities to examine their support for smoke free policies. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with support for comprehensive smoke free policies. Results None of the six cities had implemented comprehensive smoke free policies. Support for comprehensive smoke free policies in workplaces, restaurants and bars was relatively lower compared to hospitals, schools, and public transport vehicles. Support for comprehensive smoke free policies in workplaces, restaurants and bars were associated with knowledge about the adverse health effects of secondhand smoke (for workplaces OR=1.27, 95%CI: 1.08~1.49; for restaurants and bars OR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.17~2.05). Conclusion More comprehensive smoke free policies are needed in the 6 cities. To improve support for comprehensive smoke free policies, public knowledge about the adverse health effects of secondhand smoke needs to be strengthened.